Hepatitis E: An Update
Keywords:
Hepatitis E virus; HEV; hepatitis non-A, non-B enterically transmitted.
Abstract
Hepatitis A and B viruses were identified a long time ago, but cases of hepatitis without markers of infection by these viruses have been described around the world. Molecular biology methods have been used to study other viruses involved in non-A, non-B hepatitis cases. Two agents have been associated with these cases, one parenterally transmitted (Hepatitis C Virus) and other enterically transmitted (Hepatitis E Virus). The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single strand RNA virus, shaped spherical and was primarily defined as a Caliciviridae member, but because of some phylogenetic diversity between these agents, HEV has not been classified yet. Hepatitis epidemic and outbreak transmitted by fecal-oral route had been described since 1950, but the identification was possible only in 1991. In this paper, we show an update about Hepatitis E Virus infection around the world, with a special focus on Brazil.References
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2. Alvarez-Munoz, M.T. et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in Mexican subjects 1 to 29 years of age. Arch. Med. Res, 30(3): 251-4, 1999.
3. Arankalle, V.A. et al. Indian J. Gastroenterol., 19(1): 24-8, 2000.
4. Balayan, M.S. et al. J. Viral Hepatol., 4(4): 279-83, 1997.
5. Bartoloni, A. et al. Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A and E viruses amoung rural populations of the Chaco region, south- eastern Bolivia. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 4(9): 596-601, 1999.
6. Benjelloun, S. et al. Seroepidemiology study of an acute hepatitis E outbreak in Morocco. Res. Virol., 148(4): 279-87, 1997.
7. Bryan, J.P. et al. Epidemic hepatitis E in Pakistan: patterns of serologic response and evidence that antibody to hepatitis E virus protects against disease. J. Infec. Dis., 170: 517-21, 1994.
8. Carrilho, F.J.; Silva, L.C. Epidemiologia In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap. 7, p. 86-7.
9. Carrilho, F.J.; França, A.V.C.; Silva, L.C. Profilaxia das hepatites por vírus In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier: 1995, cap.29: 269.
10. Dalekos, G.N. et al. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus amoung several populations in Greece: increased prevalence in an hemodialysis unit. Transfusion, 38(6): 589-95, 1998.
11. Divizia, M. et al. HAV and HEV infection in hospitalised hepatitis patients in Alexandria, Egypt. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 15(7): 603-9, 1999.
12. Fainboim, H. et al. Prevalence of hepaitits viruses in an anti-human imunodeficiency virus-positive population from Argentina. A multicentre study. J. Viral Hepatol., 6(1): 53-7, 1999.
13. Favorov, M.O. et al. Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. J. Med. Virol., 36: 246-250, 1992.
14. Favorov, M.O. et al. IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) detected by an enzyme immunoassay based on an HEV- specific artificial recombinant mosaic protein. J. Med. Virol., 50: 50-58, 1996.
15. Focaccia, R. et al. Estimated prevalence of viral hepatitis in the general population of the Municipality of São Paulo, measured by a serologic survey of a stratified, randomized and residence-based population. Braz. J. Infec. Dis., 2(6): 269-284, 1998.
16. Focaccia, R.; Sette Jr, H.; Conceição, O.J.G. Hepatitis in Brazil. Lancet, 246: 1165, 1995.
17. Gonçales, N.S. et al. Hepatitis E virus Immunoglobulin G antibodies in different population in Campinas, Brazil. Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol., 7(5), 2000.
18. Green, K.Y. et al. Taxonomy of the caliciviruses. J. Infec. Dis., 181(Suppl 2): S322-30, 2000.
19. Harrison, T.J. Hepatitis E virus an update. Liver, 19: 171-176, 1999.
20. Hsieh, S.Y. et al. Identity of a novel swine hepatitis E virus in Taiwan forming a monophyletic group with Taiwan isolates of human hepatitis E virus. J. Clin. Microbiol., 37(12): 3828-34, 1999.
21. Ibarra, H. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in blood donors and other population groups in southern Chile Rer. Med. Chile, 125(3): 275-8, 1997.
22. Kane, M.A. et al Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal: recovery of possible etiologic agente and transmission studies in marmosetes. JAMA, 252: 3140-5, 1984.
23. Karetnyi, Y.V.; Gilchrist, M.J.; Naides, S.J. Hepatitis E virus infection prevalence among selected population in Iowa. J. Clin. Virol., 14(1): 51-5, 1999.
24. Khuroo, M.S. Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. Lancet, 345: 1025-6, 1995.
25. Krawczynski, K.; Mast, E.E. Epidemiology, natural history and experimental models In: Zuckerman, A.J. e Thomas, H.C. Viral Hepatitis, 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1998 cap.31, p.403-9.
26. Krawczynski, K.Z. Hepatitis E: clinical course and prevention In: hepatitis A to F: an update. Posgraduate course. American Ass. of the Study of Liver Disease, 11-12, Chicago, 83-99, 1994.
27. Lemon, S.M. et al. The 20th United States Japan joint hepatitis panel meeting. Hepatology, 31, 3, 800-6, 2000.
28. Lopes Neto, E.P.A.; Sette Jr, H. Hepatite E In: Focaccia, R. Hepatites Virais, São Paulo: Atheneu; 1998, cap.8, p. 81-7.
29. Melaman, M.L.; Narro, G.E.C.. Hepatite E. In: Gayotto. L.C.C. e Alves, V.A.F. Doenças do Fígado e Vias Biliares, São Paulo: EditoraAtheneu; 2001, p.441-467.
30. Meng, J. et al. Primary structure of open reading frame 2 and 3 of hepatitis E virus isolated from Morocco. J. Med. Virol., 57: 126-133, 1999.
31. Pa nda, S.K.; Jameel, S. Hepatitis E virus: from epidemiology to molecular biology. Viral Hepatitis, 4: 227-51, 1997.
32. Pang, L. et al. Short report: hepatitis E infection in the Brazilian Amazon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 52(4): 347-48, 1995.
33. Pang, Z.; Chu, Q.; Xu, Y. Research on risk factors of 5 types of viral hepatitis among population with high risk. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih, 19(3): 141-3, 1998.
34. Paraná, R. et al. Acute Sporadic Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis in Northeastern Brazil: Etiology and natural History. Hepatology, 30(1): 289-93, 1999.
35. Paraná, R. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus IgG antibodies in patients from a referral unit liver diseases in Salvador, Bahia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 57(1): 60-1, 1997.
36. Pinho, J.R.R.; Bassit, L.; Saez-Alquézar, A. Estrutura dos vírus das hepatites In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap. 2, p.19-20.
37. Pujol, F.H. et al. Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus among urban and rural populations in Venezuela. J. Med. Virol., 42: 234-6, 1994.
38. Purcell, R.H. Hepatitis E In: Fields, B.N.; Knipe, D.M.; Howley, P.M.et al. editors. Fields Virology, 3ed. Philadelphia: Lippncott-Raven Publishers; 1996, p.283-44.
39. Purcell, R.H.; Emerson, S.U. Hepatitis E virus infection. Lancet, 355: 578, 2000.
40. Rapicetta, M. et al. Seroprevalence and anti-HEV persistence in the general population of the Rebuplic of San Marino. J. Med. Virol.,58(1): 49-53, 1999.
41. Schlauder, G.G. et al. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis E virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in United States. J. Gen. Virol., 79: 447-456, 1998.
42. Silva, L.C.; Granato, C.F.H. Importância clínica dos marcadores virais.
In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap.3, p.35.
43. Silva, L.C. Aspectos peculiares e história natural da hepatite E. In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap.16, p.175.
44. Silva, L.C. Hepatites por vírus na gravidez. In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap. 19, p.189-90.
45. Skidmore, S.J. Factors in spread of hepatitis E. Lancet, 354: 1049-1050, 1999.
46. Skidmore, S.J. et al. Hepatitis E virus: The cause of a waterbourne hepatitis outbreak. J. Med. Virol., 37: 58-60, 1992.
47. Souto, F.J.D. et al. Short report: further evidence for hepatitis E in Brazilian Amazon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 57(2): 1049-50, 1997.
48. Tam, A.W.; Bradley, D.W. Structure and Molecular virology In: Zuckerman, A.J. e Thomas, H.C. Viral Hepatitis, 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1998 cap. 30, p.395-401.
49. Tarrago, D. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in immigrants from developing countries. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis., 19 (4): 309-11, 2000.
50. Tsarev, S.A. et al. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from Egypt. J. Med. Virol., 57: 126-133, 1999.
51. Tsega, E. et al. Outbreak of acute hepatitis E virus infection among military personal in northen Ethiopia. J. Med. Virol., 34: 232-6, 1991.
52.Velasquez, O. et al. Epidemic transmission of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Mexico, 1996-1997. JAMA, 263: 3281-5, 1990.
53.Viswanathan, R. Infections hepatitis in Delhi (1995-1996): a critical study: epidemiology. Indian J. Med. Res., 45:1-30, 1997.
54.Yarbough, P.O. Hepatitis E Virus. Intervirology, 42: 179-184, 1999.
55.Yarbough, P.O..; Diagnosis In: Zuckerman, AJ. e Thomas, H.C. Viral Hepatitis, 2ª ed. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1998, cap. 32, p.411-5.
56. Zanetti, A.R. et al. Identification of a novel variant of hepatitis E virus in Italy. J. Med. Virol., 57(4): 356-60, 1999.
2. Alvarez-Munoz, M.T. et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in Mexican subjects 1 to 29 years of age. Arch. Med. Res, 30(3): 251-4, 1999.
3. Arankalle, V.A. et al. Indian J. Gastroenterol., 19(1): 24-8, 2000.
4. Balayan, M.S. et al. J. Viral Hepatol., 4(4): 279-83, 1997.
5. Bartoloni, A. et al. Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A and E viruses amoung rural populations of the Chaco region, south- eastern Bolivia. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 4(9): 596-601, 1999.
6. Benjelloun, S. et al. Seroepidemiology study of an acute hepatitis E outbreak in Morocco. Res. Virol., 148(4): 279-87, 1997.
7. Bryan, J.P. et al. Epidemic hepatitis E in Pakistan: patterns of serologic response and evidence that antibody to hepatitis E virus protects against disease. J. Infec. Dis., 170: 517-21, 1994.
8. Carrilho, F.J.; Silva, L.C. Epidemiologia In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap. 7, p. 86-7.
9. Carrilho, F.J.; França, A.V.C.; Silva, L.C. Profilaxia das hepatites por vírus In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier: 1995, cap.29: 269.
10. Dalekos, G.N. et al. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus amoung several populations in Greece: increased prevalence in an hemodialysis unit. Transfusion, 38(6): 589-95, 1998.
11. Divizia, M. et al. HAV and HEV infection in hospitalised hepatitis patients in Alexandria, Egypt. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 15(7): 603-9, 1999.
12. Fainboim, H. et al. Prevalence of hepaitits viruses in an anti-human imunodeficiency virus-positive population from Argentina. A multicentre study. J. Viral Hepatol., 6(1): 53-7, 1999.
13. Favorov, M.O. et al. Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. J. Med. Virol., 36: 246-250, 1992.
14. Favorov, M.O. et al. IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) detected by an enzyme immunoassay based on an HEV- specific artificial recombinant mosaic protein. J. Med. Virol., 50: 50-58, 1996.
15. Focaccia, R. et al. Estimated prevalence of viral hepatitis in the general population of the Municipality of São Paulo, measured by a serologic survey of a stratified, randomized and residence-based population. Braz. J. Infec. Dis., 2(6): 269-284, 1998.
16. Focaccia, R.; Sette Jr, H.; Conceição, O.J.G. Hepatitis in Brazil. Lancet, 246: 1165, 1995.
17. Gonçales, N.S. et al. Hepatitis E virus Immunoglobulin G antibodies in different population in Campinas, Brazil. Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol., 7(5), 2000.
18. Green, K.Y. et al. Taxonomy of the caliciviruses. J. Infec. Dis., 181(Suppl 2): S322-30, 2000.
19. Harrison, T.J. Hepatitis E virus an update. Liver, 19: 171-176, 1999.
20. Hsieh, S.Y. et al. Identity of a novel swine hepatitis E virus in Taiwan forming a monophyletic group with Taiwan isolates of human hepatitis E virus. J. Clin. Microbiol., 37(12): 3828-34, 1999.
21. Ibarra, H. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in blood donors and other population groups in southern Chile Rer. Med. Chile, 125(3): 275-8, 1997.
22. Kane, M.A. et al Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal: recovery of possible etiologic agente and transmission studies in marmosetes. JAMA, 252: 3140-5, 1984.
23. Karetnyi, Y.V.; Gilchrist, M.J.; Naides, S.J. Hepatitis E virus infection prevalence among selected population in Iowa. J. Clin. Virol., 14(1): 51-5, 1999.
24. Khuroo, M.S. Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. Lancet, 345: 1025-6, 1995.
25. Krawczynski, K.; Mast, E.E. Epidemiology, natural history and experimental models In: Zuckerman, A.J. e Thomas, H.C. Viral Hepatitis, 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1998 cap.31, p.403-9.
26. Krawczynski, K.Z. Hepatitis E: clinical course and prevention In: hepatitis A to F: an update. Posgraduate course. American Ass. of the Study of Liver Disease, 11-12, Chicago, 83-99, 1994.
27. Lemon, S.M. et al. The 20th United States Japan joint hepatitis panel meeting. Hepatology, 31, 3, 800-6, 2000.
28. Lopes Neto, E.P.A.; Sette Jr, H. Hepatite E In: Focaccia, R. Hepatites Virais, São Paulo: Atheneu; 1998, cap.8, p. 81-7.
29. Melaman, M.L.; Narro, G.E.C.. Hepatite E. In: Gayotto. L.C.C. e Alves, V.A.F. Doenças do Fígado e Vias Biliares, São Paulo: EditoraAtheneu; 2001, p.441-467.
30. Meng, J. et al. Primary structure of open reading frame 2 and 3 of hepatitis E virus isolated from Morocco. J. Med. Virol., 57: 126-133, 1999.
31. Pa nda, S.K.; Jameel, S. Hepatitis E virus: from epidemiology to molecular biology. Viral Hepatitis, 4: 227-51, 1997.
32. Pang, L. et al. Short report: hepatitis E infection in the Brazilian Amazon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 52(4): 347-48, 1995.
33. Pang, Z.; Chu, Q.; Xu, Y. Research on risk factors of 5 types of viral hepatitis among population with high risk. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih, 19(3): 141-3, 1998.
34. Paraná, R. et al. Acute Sporadic Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis in Northeastern Brazil: Etiology and natural History. Hepatology, 30(1): 289-93, 1999.
35. Paraná, R. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus IgG antibodies in patients from a referral unit liver diseases in Salvador, Bahia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 57(1): 60-1, 1997.
36. Pinho, J.R.R.; Bassit, L.; Saez-Alquézar, A. Estrutura dos vírus das hepatites In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap. 2, p.19-20.
37. Pujol, F.H. et al. Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus among urban and rural populations in Venezuela. J. Med. Virol., 42: 234-6, 1994.
38. Purcell, R.H. Hepatitis E In: Fields, B.N.; Knipe, D.M.; Howley, P.M.et al. editors. Fields Virology, 3ed. Philadelphia: Lippncott-Raven Publishers; 1996, p.283-44.
39. Purcell, R.H.; Emerson, S.U. Hepatitis E virus infection. Lancet, 355: 578, 2000.
40. Rapicetta, M. et al. Seroprevalence and anti-HEV persistence in the general population of the Rebuplic of San Marino. J. Med. Virol.,58(1): 49-53, 1999.
41. Schlauder, G.G. et al. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis E virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in United States. J. Gen. Virol., 79: 447-456, 1998.
42. Silva, L.C.; Granato, C.F.H. Importância clínica dos marcadores virais.
In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap.3, p.35.
43. Silva, L.C. Aspectos peculiares e história natural da hepatite E. In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap.16, p.175.
44. Silva, L.C. Hepatites por vírus na gravidez. In: Silva, L.C. Hepatites agudas e crônicas, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 1995, cap. 19, p.189-90.
45. Skidmore, S.J. Factors in spread of hepatitis E. Lancet, 354: 1049-1050, 1999.
46. Skidmore, S.J. et al. Hepatitis E virus: The cause of a waterbourne hepatitis outbreak. J. Med. Virol., 37: 58-60, 1992.
47. Souto, F.J.D. et al. Short report: further evidence for hepatitis E in Brazilian Amazon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 57(2): 1049-50, 1997.
48. Tam, A.W.; Bradley, D.W. Structure and Molecular virology In: Zuckerman, A.J. e Thomas, H.C. Viral Hepatitis, 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1998 cap. 30, p.395-401.
49. Tarrago, D. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in immigrants from developing countries. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis., 19 (4): 309-11, 2000.
50. Tsarev, S.A. et al. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from Egypt. J. Med. Virol., 57: 126-133, 1999.
51. Tsega, E. et al. Outbreak of acute hepatitis E virus infection among military personal in northen Ethiopia. J. Med. Virol., 34: 232-6, 1991.
52.Velasquez, O. et al. Epidemic transmission of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Mexico, 1996-1997. JAMA, 263: 3281-5, 1990.
53.Viswanathan, R. Infections hepatitis in Delhi (1995-1996): a critical study: epidemiology. Indian J. Med. Res., 45:1-30, 1997.
54.Yarbough, P.O. Hepatitis E Virus. Intervirology, 42: 179-184, 1999.
55.Yarbough, P.O..; Diagnosis In: Zuckerman, AJ. e Thomas, H.C. Viral Hepatitis, 2ª ed. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1998, cap. 32, p.411-5.
56. Zanetti, A.R. et al. Identification of a novel variant of hepatitis E virus in Italy. J. Med. Virol., 57(4): 356-60, 1999.
Published
2021-04-06
How to Cite
Stilhano NASCIMENTO, A., & MOREIRA, R. C. (2021). Hepatitis E: An Update. Revista Do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 60(1), 71 - 77. Retrieved from https://periodicoshomolog.saude.sp.gov.br/index.php/RIAL/article/view/35173
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ARTIGO DE ATUALIZAÇÃO
