Evaluation of total chromium levels in drinking water
Keywords:
total chromium, water, mass spectrometry
Abstract
Elevated chromium levels in the natural waters are not common, but the high concentrations of naturally occurring Cr have been reported in the groundwater of several aquifer systems.This finding is linked with the occurrence of mafic/ultramafic rocks and associated with the alkaline and oxidizing conditions. This study aimed at monitoring the total chromium concentration in drinking water samples from São José do Rio Preto city. Cr concentrations higher than the limit established by the Brazilian Legislation (0.05 mg/L) were detected in the groundwater from the deep supply wells. Total chromium was determined by using an Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) in 104 samples collected from the public drinking water distribution networks in 52 sites, from 2013 to 2017. Cr concentrations above the method limit of quantification (0.001 mg/L) were found in 99% of the analyzed samples. Approximately 15% of the collected samples presented Cr in concentrations above the established legislation limit for drinking water (Ordinance 2914/2011), that should be considered as improper for consumption.References
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2005;39(15):5505-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048835n
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for ecotoxicological studies. Environ Toxicol. 2014;29(2):176-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20784
2. Pereira CD, Techy JG, Ganzarolli EM, Quináia SP. Chromium fractionation and speciation in natural waters. J. Environ. Monit. 2012;14(6):1559-64.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM10949B
3. Linos A, Petralias A, Christophi CA, Christoforidou E, Kouroutou P, Stoltidis M et al. Oral ingestion of hexavalent chromium through drinking water
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8. Ferguson A, Penney R, Solo-Gabriele H. A review of the field on children’s exposure to environmental contaminants: A risk assessment approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(3).pii:E265. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030265
9. Kowalski KP, Nielsen SS, Jensen PE, Larsen TH, Terkelsen M, Bagge C et al. Feasibility of integration of an electrodialytic process into soil remediation procedure for removal of copper, chromium and arsenic. International Conference Contaminated sites; 2015 may; Bratislava. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/112268031/Kowalski_ContSites_paper_release_1.pdf
10. Kaprara E, Kazakis N, Simeonidis K, Coles S, Zouboulis AI, Samaras P et al. Occurrence of Cr (VI) in drinking water of Greece and relation to the geological background. J Hazard Mater. (2015);281:2-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.084
11. Izbicki JA, Wright M, Seymour WA, McCleskey RB, Fram MS, Belitz K et al. Cr (VI) occurrence and geochemistry in water from public-supply wells in
California. Appl Geochem. 2015;63:203-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.08.007
12. Moraetis D, Nikolaidis NP, Karatzas GP, Dokou Z, Kalogerakis N, Winkel LHE et al. Origin and mobility of hexavalent chromium in North-Eastern Attica, Greece. Appl Geochem. 2012;27(6):1170-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.03.005
13. Gotkowitz MB, McLaughlin PI, Grande JD. Sources of naturally occurring chromium in bedrock aquifers underlying Madison, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological & Natural history survey; 2012. 17p. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://wgnhs.uwex.edu/pubs/wofr201208/
14. Bertoloto R, Bourotte C, Hirata R, Marcolan L, Sracek O. Geochemistry of natural chromium occurrence in a sandstone aquifer in Bauru Basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. Appl Geochem. 2011;26(8):1353-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.05.009
15. Bourotte C, Bertoloto R, Almodovar ML, Hirata R. Natural occurrence of hexavalent chromium in a sedimentary aquifer in Urânia, State of São Paulo, Brazil. An Acad Bras Ciênc. 2009;81(2):227-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652009000200009
16. Hirata R, Zoby JLG, Oliveira FR. Água subterrânea: reserva estratégica ou emergencial. In: Bicudo CEM, Tundisi JG, Scheuenstuhl, MCB, organizadores. Águas do Brasil: análises estratégicas. São Paulo (SP): Instituto de Botânica; 2010. 222 p. [acesso 2018 Abr 25].
Disponível em: https://www.agrolink.com.br/downloads/%C3%A1gua%20subterr%C3%A2nea%20-%20reserva%20estrat%C3%A9gica%20ou%20
emergencial.pdf
17. Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo – CETESB. Governo do Estado de São Paulo/Secretaria do Meio Ambiente. Qualidade das águas
subterrâneas no Estado de São Paulo, 2013-2015. São Paulo;2016. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://cetesb.sp.gov.br/aguas-subterraneas/
wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/11/Cetesb_QualidadeAguasSubterraneas2015_Web_20-07.pdf
18. São Paulo. Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, Instituto Geológico; Secretaria de Saneamento e Recursos Hídricos. Cadernos do Projeto Ambiental Estratégico Aquíferos, Número 4. Projeto São José do Rio Preto. Restrição e Controle de Uso de Água Subterrânea. São Paulo;2011. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://www.igeologico.sp.gov.br/downloads/livros/SJRP.pdf
19. Carvalho AM. Modelagem numérica como ferramenta para a gestão das águas subterrâneas em São José do Rio Preto, SP [dissertação de mestrado]. São Paulo (SP): Universidade de São Paulo;2013. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44138/tde-25092014-101823/pt-br.php
20. Long SE, Martin TD, Martin ER. Method 200.8 Determination of trace elements in waters and waste by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Creed JT, Brockhoff CA, Martin TD. Revision 5.4; 1994. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: https://yosemite.epa.gov/oa/eab_web_docket.nsf/Attachments%20By%20ntFilingId/482881CDAF52A73985257D55005D9BEB/$FILE/EPA%20Method%20200.8%20(00608866xB76D6).pdf
21. Ellison SLR, Williams A, editors. Eurachem/CITAC guide: Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. 3.ed. Eurachem/CITAC;2012. [acesso
2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: https://www.eurachem. org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf
22. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists - AOAC. Appendix F: guidelines for standard method performance requirements. AOAC International;2016. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://www.eoma.aoac.org/app_f.pdf
23. Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – INMETRO. Escopo da acreditação – ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025 – Ensaio. Acreditação Nº
CRL 0679. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://www.inmetro.gov.br/laboratorios/rble/docs/CRL0679.pdf
24. Bertolo RA, Marcolan LNO, Bourette CLM. Relações água-rocha e a hidrogeoquímica do cromo na água subterrânea de poços de monitoramento multiníveis de Urânia, SP, Brasil. Geol USP Sér. Cient, São Paulo. 2009;9(2):47-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/Z1519-874x2009000200003
25. Economou-Eliopoulos M, Megremi I, Vasilatos C. Factors controlling the heterogeneous distribution of Cr (VI) in soil, plants and groundwater: Evidence from the Assopos basin, Greece. Chem Erde. 2011;71:39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2011.01.001
26. Kelepertzis E. Investigating the sources and potential health risks of environmental contaminants in soils and drinking waters from the rural clusters in Thiva area (Greece). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2014;100:258-65. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.030
27. Ball JW, Izbicki JA. Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western Mojave Desert, California. Appl Geochem. 2004;19(7):1123-35. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.011
28. Gonzalez AR, Ndung’u K, Flegal AR. Natural occurrence of hexavalent chromium in the Aromas Red Sands Aquifer, California. Environ Sci Technol.
2005;39(15):5505-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048835n
29. Devic G, Djordjevic D, Sakan S. Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater quality in Serbia. Sci Total Environ. 2014;468-469:933-42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.011
30. Gray DJ. Naturally occurring Cr6+in shallow groundwaters of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 2003;3(4):359-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/03-012
31. Fantoni D, Brozzo G, Canepa M, Cipolli F, Marini L, Ottonello G, Zuccolini M. Natural hexavalent chromium in groundwaters interacting with ophiolitic rocks. Environ Geol. 2002;42(8):871-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0605-0
32. Stefánsson A, Gunnarsson I, Kaasalainen H, Arnósson S. Chromium geochemistry and speciation in natural waters, Iceland. Appl Geochem. 2015;62:200-6. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.007
33. Coimbra CD, Carvalho G, Philippini H, Silva MFM, Neiva E. Determinação da concentração de metais traço em sedimentos do estuário do Rio Maracaípe – PE/Brasil. Braz J Aquat Sci Technol. 2015;19(2):58-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v19n2.4863
34. Centro Integrado de Informações Agrometeorológicas – CIIAGRO. Portal do Estado de São Paulo. Monitoramento climatológico: Início da Estação EMA: 08/03/2008 até 20/09/2017. Município: São José do Rio Preto. [acesso 2018 Abr 25]. Disponível em: http://www.udop.com.br/download/estatistica/economia_chuvas/2008a2017_historico_sjose_rio_preto.pdf
Published
2018-03-29
How to Cite
MATAVELI, L. R. V., BUZZO, M. L., CARVALHO, M. de F. H., ARAUZ, L. J. de, & MATAVELI, G. A. V. (2018). Evaluation of total chromium levels in drinking water. Revista Do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 77, 1-11. Retrieved from https://periodicoshomolog.saude.sp.gov.br/index.php/RIAL/article/view/34184
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