Determinação de metais presentes em corantes e pigmentos utilizados em embalagens para alimentos
Palavras-chave:
corantes, pigmentos, teores de: chumbo, cádmio, zinco, embalagens para alimentos
Resumo
Entre os aditivos presentes na formulação de embalagens para alimentos, principalmente embalagensplásticas, incluem-se as substâncias que conferem coloração, classificadas como corantes ou pigmentos,dependendo de sua solubilidade ou não no polímero. Sua adição em materiais para embalagens satisfazuma exigência estética e tecnológica. Os metais que podem estar presentes como contaminantes dassubstâncias corantes e portanto nas embalagens, podem migrar para o alimento, apresentando riscos àsaúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar e monitorar os teores de chumbo, cádmio e zinco nestesprodutos, e validar a metodologia analítica segundo os Regulamentos Técnicos do Mercosul (ResoluçãoNº 105/99 da ANVISA/MS). A quantificação destes metais foi feita por espectrofotometria de absorçãoatômica com chama. Das 407 amostras analisadas 5% estavam em desacordo com os limites estipuladospela legislação vigente. Os altos teores de metais nelas encontrados justificam o controle contínuo quedeve ser feito sobre estes produtos.Referências
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contato com alimentos. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 20 de
maio de 1999. Seção I, pt I, p.21-34.
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cadmium and zinc in the organism. Review. Food and Chem. Toxicol.,
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pigmentos coloridos. 1° Ed. CPMA ,Inc., Alexandria, Virginia 22314,
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níveis de chumbo no sangue. I : Neuropatia periférica. Rev. Saúde
Pública, 30(3): 248-55, 1996.
7. Criteria (dose/effect relationships) for cadmium. Comission Of The
European Communities. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1978. 202 p.
8. Currie, L.A. Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods
including detection and quantification capabilities. Pure Appl.
Chem., 67 (10): 1669-723, 1995.
9. Damstra, T. Toxicological Properties Of Lead. Environ. Health
Perspect., 19: 297-307, 1971.
10. Elpo, E.R.S.& Freitas, R.J.S. Avaliação dos Teores de Cádmio, Chumbo,
Cromo e Níquel nos Alimentos da Cesta Básica. B.CEPPA, 13(2):71-
84, 1995.
11. Friberg, L. et al. Handbook on the toxicology of metals.
Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1979.
12. Galal-Gorchev, H. Dietary intake, levels in food and estimated intake
of lead, cadmium and mercury. Food Addit.Contam., 10 ( 1) : 115-
28, 1993.
13. Garrido, N.S. et al. Avaliação dos níveis de arsênio, chumbo e cádmio
em corantes e pigmentos utilizados em embalagens para alimentos no
período de 1982 a 1989. Rev. Inst. Adolfo lutz, 51(1/2): 63-8, 1991.
14. Hinks, D. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments and
intermediates. 1. Nonmutagenic benzidine analogs. Dyes and
Pigments, 44 : 199-207, 2000.
15. Hinks, D. et. al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments. 2.Studies
of bisazomethine pigments based on planar nonmutagenic benzidine
analogs. Dyes and Pigments, 48: 7-13 , 2001.
16. Joint Fao/Who Expert Committe On Food Additives,
41a,Geneva,1993.Toxicological evaluation of certain food
additives and contaminants Geneva, OMS/ IPCS, 1993. (WHO
Food Additives Series, 32)
17. Kakuda, Y. Environmental Contaminants in Food – Book Reviews –
Food Res. Int., 35: 496 – 7, 2002.
18. Landrigan, P.J. & Todd, A.C. Lead Poisoning – WJM, 161( 2): 153-
9, 1994.
19. Martell, A.E. Chemistry of carcinogenic metals. Environ. Health
Perspect., 40: 207-26, 1981.
20. Møller, P. & Wallin, H. Genotoxic hazards of azo pigments and other
colorants related to 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene. Mutat.
Res., 462: 13-23, 2000.
21. Nakpathon, M. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments.
4. New monoarylide and diarylide pigments. Dyes and Pigments,
48: 93-106, 2001.
22. Peterson, N.J. et. al. Lead – Contaminated drinking water in Bulk-
Water Storage Tanks – Arizona and California, 1993. Epidemiologic
Notes and Reports. MMWR, 43(41): 751-8, 1994
23. Piotrowski, I.K. & Coleman, J.K. Environmental hazards of heavy
metals: summary evaluation of lead, cadmium and mercury. London,
MARC/GEMS, MARC Report , nº.20: 1-18, 1980.
24. Rojas, E.et.al. Are metals dietary carcinogens? Mutat. Res., 443:
157-81, 1999.
25. Schilter, B.&. Huggett. A.C. Viewpoint Are current regulatory limits
for food contaminants suitable for infants and children? Trends Food
Sci. Technol., 8: 48 – 53, 1997.
26. Sheets R.W. Extraction of lead, cadmium and zinc from overglaze
decorations on ceramic dinnerware by acidic and basic food substances.
Sci. Total Environ., 197: 167-75, 1997 .
27. Sheets R.W. Release of heavy metals from European and Asian
porcelain dinnerware. Sci. Total Environ., 212: 107-113, 1998 .
28. Sokolowska, J. et. al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments. 3.
Studies based on nonmutagenic twisted benzidines. Dyes and
Pigments, 48: 15- 27, 2001.
29. Speelman, D. Licensing agreement enchances global colorant
capabilities. Reinforced Plastics, September, 62-65, 2000.
30. Šulcová, P. & Trojan, M. The synthesis of the Ce0,95– yPr0,05LayO2-y/2
pigments. Dyes and Pigments, 44: 165-8, 2000.
31. The European Parliament. Directive 94/EC of the European
Parliament and the Council on Packaging and Packaging Waste.
December, 1994. 12p.
32. The European Standard. EN 71-3 British Standard , Safety of toys.
Part 3. Specification for migration of certain elements. 1995.
33. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 1, 1971.
34. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 2, 1971.
35. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 3, 1971.
36. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 4, 1971.
37. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed. (Second
Revision), Huddersfield: H Charlesworth & Co Ltd, v. 5, 1982.
38. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . Revised 3rd ed.,
Great Britain: Chorley & Pickersgill Ltd, v.6 (First Supplement to
Volumes 1-4) , 1975.
39. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed. (Second
Revision), Huddersfield : H Charlesworth & Co Ltd, v. 7 (Supplement
to volumes 1-4 and 6 of the third edition) , 1982.
40. Thompson, M. et. al. Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory
Validation of Methods of Analysis. Pure Appl. Chem., v. 74, nº 5,
835-55, 2002.
41. Todd, A.C et. al. Unraveling the Chronic Toxicity of Lead: An Essential
Priority for Environmental Health . Environ. Health Perspect.,
104 (1): 141-6, 1996.
42. Trojan, M. et. al. The syntesis of binary zinc (II)-nickel(II) ciclotetraphosphates
as new special pigments. Dyes and Pigments, 44:
161-4, 2000.
43. Trouchin M. Book Review: Color for Science, Art and Technology. Edited
by K. Nassau. J. Photochem. Photobiol.B: Biol., 50: 76-8, 1999.
44.Vassilev, S.V. & Danheux, C.B. Characterization of refuse-derived
char from municipal solid waste. 2. Occurrence, abundance and source
of trace elements. Fuel Process. Technol., 59: 135-61, 1999.
45.Waalkes, M.P. Cadmium carcinogenesis in review J. Inorganic
Biochem., 79: 241– 4, 2000.
46. Zenebon, O. Migração de chumbo e cádmio de recipientes
cerâmicos. Estudo visando a sua regulamentação
bromatológica. São Paulo, 1986. [Dissertação de Mestrado –
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo].
Athey Technologies, 102-5, 1993.
2. Brasil. Leis, decretos etc. Decreto-Lei Nº 986/69 de 21 de outubro de
1969. Institui normas básicas sobre alimentos. Diário Oficial da
União, Brasília, 21 de outubro de 1969.
3. Brasil. Leis, decretos etc. Resolução 105 de 19 de maio de 1999.
Disposições gerais para embalagens e equipamentos plásticos em
contato com alimentos. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 20 de
maio de 1999. Seção I, pt I, p.21-34.
4. Brzóska, M..M. & Moniuzko-Jakoniuk, J. Interactions between
cadmium and zinc in the organism. Review. Food and Chem. Toxicol.,
39: 967-80, 2001.
5. Color Pigments Manufacturers Association. Manuseio seguro de
pigmentos coloridos. 1° Ed. CPMA ,Inc., Alexandria, Virginia 22314,
1993. 65 p.
6. Cordeiro, R. et al. Distúrbios neurológicos em trabalhadores com baixos
níveis de chumbo no sangue. I : Neuropatia periférica. Rev. Saúde
Pública, 30(3): 248-55, 1996.
7. Criteria (dose/effect relationships) for cadmium. Comission Of The
European Communities. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1978. 202 p.
8. Currie, L.A. Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods
including detection and quantification capabilities. Pure Appl.
Chem., 67 (10): 1669-723, 1995.
9. Damstra, T. Toxicological Properties Of Lead. Environ. Health
Perspect., 19: 297-307, 1971.
10. Elpo, E.R.S.& Freitas, R.J.S. Avaliação dos Teores de Cádmio, Chumbo,
Cromo e Níquel nos Alimentos da Cesta Básica. B.CEPPA, 13(2):71-
84, 1995.
11. Friberg, L. et al. Handbook on the toxicology of metals.
Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1979.
12. Galal-Gorchev, H. Dietary intake, levels in food and estimated intake
of lead, cadmium and mercury. Food Addit.Contam., 10 ( 1) : 115-
28, 1993.
13. Garrido, N.S. et al. Avaliação dos níveis de arsênio, chumbo e cádmio
em corantes e pigmentos utilizados em embalagens para alimentos no
período de 1982 a 1989. Rev. Inst. Adolfo lutz, 51(1/2): 63-8, 1991.
14. Hinks, D. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments and
intermediates. 1. Nonmutagenic benzidine analogs. Dyes and
Pigments, 44 : 199-207, 2000.
15. Hinks, D. et. al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments. 2.Studies
of bisazomethine pigments based on planar nonmutagenic benzidine
analogs. Dyes and Pigments, 48: 7-13 , 2001.
16. Joint Fao/Who Expert Committe On Food Additives,
41a,Geneva,1993.Toxicological evaluation of certain food
additives and contaminants Geneva, OMS/ IPCS, 1993. (WHO
Food Additives Series, 32)
17. Kakuda, Y. Environmental Contaminants in Food – Book Reviews –
Food Res. Int., 35: 496 – 7, 2002.
18. Landrigan, P.J. & Todd, A.C. Lead Poisoning – WJM, 161( 2): 153-
9, 1994.
19. Martell, A.E. Chemistry of carcinogenic metals. Environ. Health
Perspect., 40: 207-26, 1981.
20. Møller, P. & Wallin, H. Genotoxic hazards of azo pigments and other
colorants related to 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene. Mutat.
Res., 462: 13-23, 2000.
21. Nakpathon, M. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments.
4. New monoarylide and diarylide pigments. Dyes and Pigments,
48: 93-106, 2001.
22. Peterson, N.J. et. al. Lead – Contaminated drinking water in Bulk-
Water Storage Tanks – Arizona and California, 1993. Epidemiologic
Notes and Reports. MMWR, 43(41): 751-8, 1994
23. Piotrowski, I.K. & Coleman, J.K. Environmental hazards of heavy
metals: summary evaluation of lead, cadmium and mercury. London,
MARC/GEMS, MARC Report , nº.20: 1-18, 1980.
24. Rojas, E.et.al. Are metals dietary carcinogens? Mutat. Res., 443:
157-81, 1999.
25. Schilter, B.&. Huggett. A.C. Viewpoint Are current regulatory limits
for food contaminants suitable for infants and children? Trends Food
Sci. Technol., 8: 48 – 53, 1997.
26. Sheets R.W. Extraction of lead, cadmium and zinc from overglaze
decorations on ceramic dinnerware by acidic and basic food substances.
Sci. Total Environ., 197: 167-75, 1997 .
27. Sheets R.W. Release of heavy metals from European and Asian
porcelain dinnerware. Sci. Total Environ., 212: 107-113, 1998 .
28. Sokolowska, J. et. al. Synthesis and evaluation of organic pigments. 3.
Studies based on nonmutagenic twisted benzidines. Dyes and
Pigments, 48: 15- 27, 2001.
29. Speelman, D. Licensing agreement enchances global colorant
capabilities. Reinforced Plastics, September, 62-65, 2000.
30. Šulcová, P. & Trojan, M. The synthesis of the Ce0,95– yPr0,05LayO2-y/2
pigments. Dyes and Pigments, 44: 165-8, 2000.
31. The European Parliament. Directive 94/EC of the European
Parliament and the Council on Packaging and Packaging Waste.
December, 1994. 12p.
32. The European Standard. EN 71-3 British Standard , Safety of toys.
Part 3. Specification for migration of certain elements. 1995.
33. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 1, 1971.
34. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 2, 1971.
35. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 3, 1971.
36. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed., Great
Britain: Lund Humphries, Bradford and London, v. 4, 1971.
37. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed. (Second
Revision), Huddersfield: H Charlesworth & Co Ltd, v. 5, 1982.
38. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . Revised 3rd ed.,
Great Britain: Chorley & Pickersgill Ltd, v.6 (First Supplement to
Volumes 1-4) , 1975.
39. The Society of Dyers And Colourists & American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colourists – COLOUR INDEX . 3rd ed. (Second
Revision), Huddersfield : H Charlesworth & Co Ltd, v. 7 (Supplement
to volumes 1-4 and 6 of the third edition) , 1982.
40. Thompson, M. et. al. Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory
Validation of Methods of Analysis. Pure Appl. Chem., v. 74, nº 5,
835-55, 2002.
41. Todd, A.C et. al. Unraveling the Chronic Toxicity of Lead: An Essential
Priority for Environmental Health . Environ. Health Perspect.,
104 (1): 141-6, 1996.
42. Trojan, M. et. al. The syntesis of binary zinc (II)-nickel(II) ciclotetraphosphates
as new special pigments. Dyes and Pigments, 44:
161-4, 2000.
43. Trouchin M. Book Review: Color for Science, Art and Technology. Edited
by K. Nassau. J. Photochem. Photobiol.B: Biol., 50: 76-8, 1999.
44.Vassilev, S.V. & Danheux, C.B. Characterization of refuse-derived
char from municipal solid waste. 2. Occurrence, abundance and source
of trace elements. Fuel Process. Technol., 59: 135-61, 1999.
45.Waalkes, M.P. Cadmium carcinogenesis in review J. Inorganic
Biochem., 79: 241– 4, 2000.
46. Zenebon, O. Migração de chumbo e cádmio de recipientes
cerâmicos. Estudo visando a sua regulamentação
bromatológica. São Paulo, 1986. [Dissertação de Mestrado –
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo].
Publicado
2004-12-30
Como Citar
ZENEBON, O., MURATA, L. T. F., PASCUET, N., ALCÂNTARA, M. R. da S. de, NUNES, M. C. D., RIBEIRO, E. R., & TIGLEA, P. (2004). Determinação de metais presentes em corantes e pigmentos utilizados em embalagens para alimentos. Revista Do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 63(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.18241/rial.v63i1.34766
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